Integrated morphological, anatomical and essential oil characterization of four wild populations of Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) from Eskişehir, Türkiye
Plant Biosystems, cilt.160, sa.5, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 160 Sayı: 5
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s44473-026-00300-8
- Dergi Adı: Plant Biosystems
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Environment Index, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biological Science Database (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Anatomy, Asteraceae, Calendula officinalis, Essential oil, GC-MS, Morphology, Türkiye
- Anadolu Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Calendula officinalis is a medicinal and ornamental species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Although the species has been widely cultivated and extensively investigated for its phytochemical properties, detailed morphological and anatomical information based on wild populations from Türkiye remains limited. The present study aimed to investigate the morphological, anatomical, and essential oil characteristics of C. officinalis collected from four wild populations in Eskişehir Province, Türkiye. Morphological descriptions were prepared using fresh specimens, and detailed illustrations of the vegetative and reproductive organs were produced. Anatomical investigations were carried out on manually prepared transverse and superficial sections of roots, stems, and leaves obtained from specimens preserved in 70% ethanol. Essential oils were isolated from the aerial parts by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The investigated populations consisted predominantly of perennial individuals, with flowering extending from spring to autumn under the local ecological conditions. Detailed morphological observations were supported by original illustrations. Anatomically, the leaves were amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata and possessed both glandular and non-glandular multicellular trichomes on the stem and leaf surfaces. The leaves exhibited a bifacial mesophyll, whereas the roots showed a well-developed secondary structure. GC and GC-MS analyses identified 73 constituents in the essential oils. α-Cadinol (30.0–34.5%) was the major constituent in all populations, followed by δ-cadinene (15.2–18.8%), τ-muurolol (6.3–8.2%), τ-cadinol (3.3–5.3%), α-muurolene (2.4–3.0%), and γ-cadinene (1.9–4.4%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (51.3–57.2%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (30.7–33.4%) constituted the predominant chemical groups. The findings provide baseline morphological, anatomical, and phytochemical information for the four investigated wild populations of C. officinalis from Eskişehir Province and may serve as a useful reference for future taxonomic, pharmacognostic, and phytochemical studies.