Determination of real-world emission factors of trace metals, EC, OC, BTEX, and semivolatile organic compounds (PAHs, PCBs and PCNs) in a rural tunnel in Bilecik, Turkey

GAGA E. E., ARI A., Akyol N., ÖZDEN ÜZMEZ Ö., KARA M., Chow J. C., ...Daha Fazla

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, cilt.643, ss.1285-1296, 2018 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 643
  • Basım Tarihi: 2018
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.227
  • Dergi Adı: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1285-1296
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Emission factors, Tunnel, PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, EC, OC, Trace elements, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, ON-ROAD VEHICLES, PARTICULATE MATTER, POLYCHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES, SOURCE APPORTIONMENT, GUBRIST TUNNEL, SEASONAL-VARIATIONS, TRAFFIC EMISSIONS, EXHAUST EMISSIONS, MOTOR-VEHICLES
  • Anadolu Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

A field study was performed in a rural tunnel to determine pollutant concentrations, sources and on road vehicle emission factors (EFs) of particulate matter, trace metals, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Emission factors (EFs) for polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were also determined. A 12-day extensive sampling campaign during morning and afternoon periods at inlet and exit stations of the tunnel was conducted. Morphology of the particles was also investigated by Scanning Electron Microcopy (SEM). Correlation analysis, factor analysis and diagnostic PAH ratios were utilized to identify emission sources of trace metals. Identified sources include brake wear (33%), resuspension of road dust (15%), tyre wear (12%), exhaust emissions (10%), and lubricants (9%). Based on the PAH diagnostic ratios, major sources of PAHs were estimated as diesel emissions.